Hidden Vulnerabilities of Street-Involved Children and Youth in Chiang Mai, Thailand: An Exploratory Quantitative Study

Author: Miles, Glenn; Davis, Jarrett; Fiss, Judith & Ngugi, Chris

Abstract: This exploratory study examines the hidden vulnerabilities of street-involved children and youth (ages 11–24) in Chiang Mai, Thailand, with a particular focus on sexual violence and exploitation across gender identities. Using structured interviews with 54 participants, the research challenges traditional gender-based vulnerability assumptions in child protection literature. Contrary to global trends, findings reveal that males experienced sexual abuse at twice the rate of females (53.6% vs. 28.0%), with street-living youth facing significantly higher risks (100%). Peer violence emerged as the primary threat (46.3% witnessed), while substance use correlated strongly with experiences of sexual abuse, particularly among males. The study identifies ethnic minority youth as disproportionately represented in street populations and sex work, highlighting intersecting vulnerabilities related to statelessness and limited access to services. Notable gender disparities appeared in substance use patterns, with males showing higher rates of drug use (37.0%) compared to females (4.0%). These findings challenge prevailing narratives that position males primarily as perpetrators rather than victims, calling for paradigm shifts in child protection approaches. The study recommends gender-inclusive interventions, enhanced community-based protection mechanisms, and recognition of male vulnerability in policy frameworks to address the complex needs of all street-involved youth.

Keywords: child protection, child sexual exploitation, gender vulnerability, street-involved children, Thailand