Human Trafficking Policy Evolution: Analyzing Punctuated Diffusion Across Two Decades

Author: Vanessa Bouché, Vanessa; Waters Robichau, Robbie; Tipton, Torey; Metcalf, Moriah & Clark, Ti’Ara

Abstract: This paper examines U.S. human trafficking policy development within the punctuated equilibrium theory and policy diffusion frameworks. Using a policy scan approach, the analysis includes 710 pieces of legislation from all 50 states enacted between 2003 and 2023, coded across 27 policy indicators. Each policy is categorized using the 3Ps framework (Prevention, Protection, and Prosecution) and employs the concept of “punctuated diffusion.” The findings suggest that while some policies originate from federal punctuations and diffuse to states, others emerge at the state level and influence federal or other state policymaking. The research highlights how punctuated diffusion has led to a prioritization of prosecution policies over protection and prevention, offering critical insights into policymaking dynamics.

Keywords: 3Ps framework, human trafficking, legislation, policy scan, punctuated diffusion